Apsley Cherry-Garrard in "The Worst Journey in the World, Antarctica 1910-1913":
We had met the pack farther north than any other ship. - What is pack? Speaking very generally indeed, in this region it is the sea-ice which forms over the Ross Sea area during the winter, and is blown northwards by the southerly blizzards. But as we shall see, the ice which forms over this area is of infinite variety. As a rule great sheets spread over the seas which fringe the Antarctic continent in the autumn, grow thicker and thicker during the winter and spring, and break up when the temperatures of sea and air rise in summer. Such is the ice which forms in normal seasons round the shores of McMurdo Sound, and up the coast of the western mountains of Victoria Land. In sheltered bays this ice will sometimes remain in for two years or even more, growing all the time, until some phenomenal break-up releases it. We found an example of this in the sea-ice which formed between Hut Point and the Barrier. But there are great waters which can never freeze for very long. Cape Crozier, for instance, where the Emperor penguins nest in winter, is one of the windiest places in the world.
Der Kaiserpinguin brütet, von allen Vogelarten der Erde mit Abstand, unter den lebensfeindlichsten Bedingungen auf diesem Planeten. Zum einen befinden sich seine Brutplätze ausnahmslos auf dem antarktischen Kontinent selbst und auf dem angrenzenden Schelfeisgürtel, während die meisten anderen Pinguine hierfür die subantarktischen Inseln benützen. Und zudem führt er sein Brutgeschäft nicht im etwas milderen antarktischen Sommer durch, sondern mitten im Winter, wenn die Lufttemperaturen im Durchschnitt -20° Celsius betragen und die Winde häufig mit 75 km/h über die Eiswüste fegen. polarwelten.com
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